COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE FINANCIAL
RATIOS
NET OPERATING INCOME (NOI)
Net operating income (NOI) is the net cash generated before mortgage payments
and taxes. NOI is calculated by adding the property's gross rental income to
any other income (such as late fees or parking income) and then subtracting
vacancies and rental expenses.
DEBT COVERAGE RATIO
(DCR)
Debt Coverage Ration (DCR) is also
known as the Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR). The DCR measures your ability
to pay the property's monthly mortgage payments from the cash generated by the
rental property. Bankers and lenders use this ratio as a guide to determine
whether the property will generate enough cash to pay rental expenses and
whether there will be enough money remaining to pay back the money borrowed.
The DCR is calculated by dividing the property's annual net operating income (NOI)
by the property's annual debt service. Annual debt service is the annual total
of all mortgage payments (i.e. the principal and accrued interest but not escrow
payments).
EXAMPLE:
Assume a net operating income of $40,000 and debt payments of $30,000. The DCR
is 1.33 ($40,000 ÷ $30,000 = 1.33).
A
debt coverage ratio of less than one (e.g. .75) indicates that there is not
enough cash flow to pay the property's rental expenses and have enough money
left over to pay the mortgage payments.
This means that
the borrower has negative cash flow and will have to subsidize the difference in
order to pay the lender.
Obviously, a lender will not be willing
to loan you money to purchase a property that does not generate enough cash to
pay him/her back. In the above example, the DCR of 1.33 means that the property
will generate 1.33 times (33%) more cash required than what is required to pay
the mortgage.
CASH on CASH RETURN
Cash on Cash Return is probably the most important ratio needed when evaluating
the long-term performance of a rental property. Cash on Cash Return is the
property's annual net cash flow divided by the net investment, expressed as a
percentage.
EXAMPLE:
If the net cash flow from a property is $40,000 and the cash invested in the
property is $200,000, the Cash on Cash return is calculated to be 20% ($40,000 ÷
$200,000). The net investment in the property is the cost of the property minus
the amount borrowed.
One
way to understand the ratio is to compare it to a return on a
certificate of deposit. If the bank pays you an annual return of, say 5%, the
5% is the Cash on Cash return on the deposit.
However, unless
the property is owned free and clear, this is not a totally true comparison. The
return you get is AFTER the mortgage and all other expenses have been paid. It
can therefore fluctuate wildly. Whereas, if you put $200,000 in the bank in a CD
you can be certain that you will get the return you expected.
Please note that the Cash on Cash return does not include property appreciation
which is a non-cash flow item until the year of sale. Therefore, if you are
evaluating a property on a long-term basis, you need to focus more on the annual
cash flow as it relates to your investment and focus less on property
appreciation.
CAPITALIZATION RATE
(CAP RATE)
The Cap Rate is a ratio that places a value on a property based on the net
operating income (NOI) it generates which allows for a comparison of properties
with different Fair Market Values (FMV). The Cap Rate is computed by taking the
rental NOI and dividing it by the property's FMV. The higher the Cap Rate, the
better the property is said to be performing. Note that the Cap Rate is not a
computation of an investment return but rather a way of understanding how a
property will generate NOI so it can be compared to other properties.
Cap Rate - Practical Use #1
You can use the Cap Rate to value your property. Let's say that your property
generates $30,000 of annual net operating income. Your real estate agent tells
you that the Capitalization Rate in your area is approximately 10%. That would
mean that the approximate fair market value of your property is $300,000
($30,000 ÷ .10).
Cap Rate - Practical Use #2
Assume that you are comparing two properties. The first property has a
projected NOI of $20,000 and an asking price of $500,000. The second property
has a NOI of only $10,000 with an asking price of $110,000. Which one would the
Cap Rate suggest is a better investment? The Cap Rate would suggest that the
second property is a better investment since the Cap Rate is 9% ($10,000 ÷
$110,000) versus 4% ($20,000 ÷ $500,000).
LOAN TO VALUE RATIO (LTV or LVR)
The Loan-to-Value Ratio is the amount of a secured loan or mortgage divided by
the fair market value of the property. For example, if your property is worth
$100,000 and you have a mortgage balance of $50,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on
your home would be 50%. The LVR helps you quickly determine how leveraged your
property is based on the fair market value of the property versus your cost.
You can also use the LVR to determine the amount of your equity.
If you have more than one loan secured against your property, add together the
outstanding value of each loan in order to calculate the Loan-to-Value ratio.
For example, if your home is worth $100,000 and you have a mortgage balance of
$50,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on your home would be 50%. However, if you also
have a second secured loan on your home for $25,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on
your home would be 75% ((50,000 + 25,000) divided by 100,000).
GROSS RENT MULTIPLIER
(GRM)
The Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM) is another way to value and compare properties.
Used mostly in the apartment industry, the GRM is much like the Capitalization
Rate except the gross rental income rather than the net operating income (NOI)
is used to determine the value of a property. The GRM is calculated by dividing
the fair market value of the property by the monthly gross rental income.
EXAMPLE:
If the sales price for a property is $200,000 and the monthly gross rental
income for a property is $2,500, the GRM is equal to 80 ($200,000 ÷ $2,500).
INTERNAL RATE OF
RETURN (IRR)
When an investment creates differing amounts of annual cash flow, a rate of
return can be determined by calculating the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The
formula for computing the IRR is very complicated but essentially an IRR is the
rate needed to convert (or discount) the future uneven cash flow to equal your
initial investment or down payment.
EXAMPLE:
Assume a cash flow of $100 in the second year. Also, assume that in order to
generate that $100, you had to invest $500. In this example, you have an outflow
of $500 the first year and an inflow of $600 in the second year ($100 earnings plus
the $500 return of your initial investment). To convert or discount the $600 back
to today's dollars to equal your initial investment of $500, a discount rate of
20% is required. Thus, your IRR is 20%.
In other words, IRR is the discount rate at which the "net" present value of all
future cash flow is zero (discounted future cash flows = starting investment
amount). The "net" meaning you subtract your initial investment.
Leveraged vs. Unleveraged IRR
When you use debt to purchase a property, you are using leverage. The program
computes your IRR based on how debt impacts your cash flow.
As a result, you can compare the leveraged and unleveraged IRR to determine how
debt is helping or hurting your investment results.
MODIFIED INTERNAL RATE
OF RETURN (MIRR)
The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is used to correct a significant
inherent problem with the IRR calculation. The IRR formula assumes that you are
reinvesting the annual cash flow at the same rate as calculated by the IRR. As
a result, when you have a property that generates significant cash flow, the
calculated IRR will overstate the likely financial return of the property. The
MIRR allows you to enter a different rate that is applied to the property's
annual cash flow. Using the MIRR will more closely mimic the real rate of
return since operating cash flow is rarely invested at a higher rate than a bank
savings rate.
The finance rate is the
annual interest rate paid to borrow money during years the property experiences
a negative cash flow.
The reinvestment rate
is the rate of return earned on the excess cash flow that is generated by the
property.
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